192 research outputs found
A transient solution for vesicle electrodeformation and relaxation
A transient analysis for vesicle deformation under DC electric fields is
developed. The theory extends from a droplet model, with the additional
consideration of a lipid membrane separating two fluids of arbitrary
properties. For the latter, both a membrane-charging and a membrane-mechanical
model are supplied. The vesicle is assumed to remain spheroidal in shape for
all times. The main result is an ODE governing the evolution of the vesicle
aspect ratio. The effects of initial membrane tension and pulse length are
examined. The model prediction is extensively compared with experimental data,
and is shown to accurately capture the system behavior in the regime of no or
weak electroporation. More importantly, the comparison reveals that vesicle
relaxation obeys a universal behavior regardless of the means of deformation.
The process is governed by a single timescale that is a function of the vesicle
initial radius, the fluid viscosity, and the initial membrane tension. This
universal scaling law can be used to calculate membrane properties from
experimental data
Design and Operations on the Supply Side of Online Marketplaces
Online platforms like eBay, Upwork, Airbnb, and Uber have transformed their markets, and many more are about to emerge. The rise of platforms has become one of the predominant economic and social developments of our time. Moreover, it has created many opportunities and challenges for both practitioners and researchers. My dissertation focuses on the design and operations on the supply side of online marketplaces. In particular, I study supply-side levers (e.g., listing policy and information provision policy) in different marketplace context (e.g., auction marketplace and service platform), with the consideration of strategic behavior of market participants and various friction involved in transactions (e.g., participation cost, information asymmetry, and supply adjustment friction).
The first essay investigates how a one-sided liquidation auction marketplace maximizes its revenue by managing the supply-side market thickness under an exogenous supply inflow. The second essay examines the operational impacts of service platforms’ information disclosure regarding service providers’ qualities and revealing their mechanisms. The last essay studies whether two-sided marketplaces benefit or suffer from sellers’ quantity competition under unanticipated demand shocks. We further show that marketplaces can maneuver the competition in favorable directions by manipulating the supply adjustment friction. Overall, the findings from the three essays show that marketplaces’ operational levers on the supply side have significant effects on the strategies of all participants, which impacts the marketplaces’ operational performance. The dissertation offers both theoretical insights on the mechanisms of the studied supply-side levers and practical implications on how these levers should be designed and implemented
Fe-based metallic glasses and dyes in fenton-like processes: Understanding their intrinsic correlation
Fe-based metallic glasses have been demonstrated as effective heterogeneous catalysts in Fenton-like processes for dye degradation. Yet, currently corresponding studies have limitations due to the limited study object (dyes) and the correlation between metallic glasses and dye pollutants in Fenton-like processes is still not comprehensively studied. Accordingly, this work intensively investigated the thermal catalytic behavior correlations between two Fe-based metallic glasses (Fe78Si9B13 and Fe73.5Si13.5B9Cu1Nb3) and eight different dyes. Results indicated a lower activation energy in the more active metallic glass and a dependence of the activation energy of Fe-based metallic glasses in dye solutions. In addition, a high H2O2 concentration led to a declined catalytic efficiency but a photo-enhanced Fenton-like process overcame this limitation at high concentration of H2O2 due to the decrease of pH and enhancement of irradiation. Furthermore, the average mineralization rates of Fe78Si9B13 and Fe73.5Si13.5B9Cu1Nb3 have been measured to be 42.7% and 12.6%, respectively, and the correlation between decolorization and mineralization revealed that a faster decolorization in a Fenton-like process contributed to a higher mineralization rate. This work provides an intrinsic viewpoint of the correlation between Fe-based metallic glasses and dyes in Fenton-like processes and holds the promise to further promote the industrial value of metallic glasses
Discovering Dynamic Causal Space for DAG Structure Learning
Discovering causal structure from purely observational data (i.e., causal
discovery), aiming to identify causal relationships among variables, is a
fundamental task in machine learning. The recent invention of differentiable
score-based DAG learners is a crucial enabler, which reframes the combinatorial
optimization problem into a differentiable optimization with a DAG constraint
over directed graph space. Despite their great success, these cutting-edge DAG
learners incorporate DAG-ness independent score functions to evaluate the
directed graph candidates, lacking in considering graph structure. As a result,
measuring the data fitness alone regardless of DAG-ness inevitably leads to
discovering suboptimal DAGs and model vulnerabilities. Towards this end, we
propose a dynamic causal space for DAG structure learning, coined CASPER, that
integrates the graph structure into the score function as a new measure in the
causal space to faithfully reflect the causal distance between estimated and
ground truth DAG. CASPER revises the learning process as well as enhances the
DAG structure learning via adaptive attention to DAG-ness. Grounded by
empirical visualization, CASPER, as a space, satisfies a series of desired
properties, such as structure awareness and noise robustness. Extensive
experiments on both synthetic and real-world datasets clearly validate the
superiority of our CASPER over the state-of-the-art causal discovery methods in
terms of accuracy and robustness.Comment: Accepted by KDD 2023. Our codes are available at
https://github.com/liuff19/CASPE
Mendelian randomization to evaluate the causal relationship between liver enzymes and the risk of six specific bone and joint-related diseases
BackgroundStudies of liver dysfunction in relation to bone and joint-related diseases are scarce, and its causality remains unclear. Our objective was to investigate whether serum liver enzymes are causally associated with bone and joint-related diseases using Mendelian randomization (MR) designs.MethodsGenetic data on serum liver enzymes (alkaline phosphatase (ALP); alanine transaminase (ALT); gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)) and six common bone and joint-related diseases (rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoporosis, osteoarthritis (OA), ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and gout) were derived from independent genome-wide association studies of European ancestry. The inverse variance-weighted (IVW) method was applied for the main causal estimate. Complementary sensitivity analyses and reverse causal analyses were utilized to confirm the robustness of the results.ResultsUsing the IVW method, the positive causality between ALP and the risk of osteoporosis diagnosed by bone mineral density (BMD) at different sites was indicated (femoral neck, lumbar spine, and total body BMD, odds ratio (OR) [95% CI], 0.40 [0.23–0.69], 0.35 [0.19–0.67], and 0.33 [0.22–0.51], respectively). ALP was also linked to a higher risk of RA (OR [95% CI], 6.26 [1.69–23.51]). Evidence of potential harmful effects of higher levels of ALT on the risk of hip and knee OA was acquired (OR [95% CI], 2.48 [1.39–4.41] and 3.07 [1.49–6.30], respectively). No causal relationship was observed between GGT and these bone and joint-related diseases. The study also found that BMD were all negatively linked to ALP levels (OR [95% CI] for TBMD, FN-BMD, and LS-BMD: 0.993 [0.991–0.995], 0.993 [0.988–0.998], and 0.993 [0.989, 0.998], respectively) in the reverse causal analysis. The results were replicated via sensitivity analysis in the validation process.ConclusionsOur study revealed a significant association between liver function and bone and joint-related diseases
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